Department of Library Services

Vancouver Referencing Style : Quick guide on how to use it

For examples of bibliographic references, click here

General Information on how to use the Vancouver Referencing Style

Vancouver is a "numbered" style, follows rules established by the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors. It is also known as: Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts submitted to Biomedical Journals.

Your reference list should identify all references cited (eg books, journal articles, pamphlets, internet sites, CDRom, DVD, etc) in sufficient detail so that others can locate and consult your references.
The Vancouver reference technique is the style which is commonly used in the medical field and when publishing in medical journals.
It is very important that you use the right punctuation and that the order of details in the reference is also correct.
A reference list at the end of the assignment contains the full details of all the in-text citations.

In-Text Citations

The identification of references within the text of your assignment are identified by Arabic numerals in brackets or superscript. If brackets are used: either square [ ] or curved ( ) can be used as long as it is consistent.
A number is assigned to each reference as it is cited. A number must be used even if an author was named in the sentence, eg. Smith [12] argued that.....
Use double quotation marks to enclose a direct quotation. Type [sic] after a misspelled word or an incorrect or apparently absurd statement in quoted material to indicate that this is an accurate rendition of the original source. Use single quotation marks for quotations within quotations.
The original number assigned to a reference is re-used every time the reference is cited in text, regardless of the previous position in text.
Example:

... as one author has put it "the darkest days were still ahead" [1]: which is well documented in the literature. [2-3] This proves that "the darkest days were still ahead". [1]

When multiple references are cited at a given place in a text, use a hyphen to join the first and last numbers that are inclusive, eg. [6-8]. Use commas (no spaces) to separate non-inclusive numbers eg. [2,3,4,5,7,9] is abbreviated to [2-5,7,9]
Placement of citation numbers with a text should be carefully considered, eg. a particular reference may be relevant to only part of a sentence. However, as a general rule, reference numbers should be placed outside full stops and commas, inside colons and semi-colons.

Examples:

The coach can carry out his own assessment of the athlete [5,9] in relation to the agreed constructs and so pinpoint areas of agreementon the one hand, [2-4] and differing perceptions on the other.
Butler and Hardy maintain "that people's intrinsic motivation could be weakened by the application of external controls".[1]

The main advantage of the Vancouver style is that the text reads more easily, without the intrusion of in-text citations which can be difficult to keep brief. The reader can also check the references as they read through the text, without having to search through the list alphabetically for the first author of a particular reference.

How to Create a Reference List

Your reference list should appear at the end of your assignment/report with the entries listed numerically and in the same order that they were cited in the text.

Example:

Baker PN, editor. Obstetrics by ten teachers. 18th ed. London: Hodder Arnold; 2006.
Delbridge ML, Harry JL, Toder R. A human candidate spermatogenesis gene, RBM1, is conserved and amplified on the marsupial Y chromosome. Nat Genet. 1997; 15: 131-136.

It is very important that you use the right punctuation and that the order of details in the reference is also correct.
Book and journal titles are not italicised or placed in quotation marks.
Only first words of the article title and words that normally begin with a capital letter are capitalised.
Journal titles are abbreviated. A list of abbreviations for the titles is available online at either List of Journals in MEDLINE with abbreviations (NB: Use the binoculars in the toolbar to search for a title) or Medical Journal Abbreviations (Internationally recognised abbreviations for journal titles)
If the journal has continuous page numbering, you may omit month/issue number.
Some commonly used abbreviations:
- c. = circa (about, approximately)
- ch. = Chapter
- ed. = edition
- et al. = and others
- fig; figs = figure(s)
- ill; ills = illustrator(s)
- p. = page(s)
- para; paras = paragraph(s)
- pt; pts = part(s)
- rev = revised
- suppl = Supplement

Examples of the most common publication types are listed below. For a complete list consult Uniform requirements for Manuscripts submitted to Biomedical Journals: Sample References.

For examples of bibliographic references, click on the type of reference you would like to see:

BOOKS:

Single/Personal Author	2-6 Authors	More than 6 Authors	Editor/Compiler as Author	Organisation as an author	Different editions	Book in a Series
Chapter in a book	Sponsored by any Institution	Pamphlet	Package insert	Dictionary and similar references	Encyclopaedia	Legal Material

JOURNAL ARTICLES: (PLEASE NOTE: Journal titles are always abbreviated.) Go to either List of Journals in MEDLINE with abbreviations (NB: Use the binoculars in the toolbar to search for a title) or Medical Journal Abbreviations (Internationally recognised abbreviations for journal titles)

Standard article

More than 6 authors

Organization as author

No author

Supplement and/or parts

Cochrane Review

OTHER PUBLICATIONS AND INTERNET:

Conferences	Theses / Dissertation	Newspaper	Unpublished Material	CDRom / DVD	Video Recordings
Journal article on Internet	Monograph/Book on the Internet	Homepage/Web site	Part of a homepage /Web site	Database on the Internet	Part of database on the Internet

BOOKS:

Main Elements of a book citation:

Author/Editor/Compiler's surname initials. Title of the book. # ed. (if not the 1st) Place of publication: Publisher's name; Year of publication.

Single/Personal author

Carlson BM. Human embryology and developmental biology. 3rd ed. St. Louis: Mosby; 2004.

2 - 6 authors

Murray PR, Rosenthal KS, Kobayashi GS, Pfaller MA. Medical microbiology. 4th ed. St. Louis: Mosby; 2002.

More than 6 authors

Give the first six names in full and add "et al". The authors are listed in the order in which they appear on the title page.

Fauci AS, Braunwald E, Isselbacher KJ, Wilson JD, Martin JB, Kasper DL, et al, editors. Harrison's principles of internal medicine. 14th ed. New York: McGraw Hill; 1998.

Editor(s) or compiler(s) as author

Follow the same methods used with authors but use the word "editor" or "editors" in full after the name/s. The word editor or editors must be in lower case. (Do NOT confuse with "ed." used for "edition")

Gilstrap LC 3rd, Cunningham FG, VanDorsten JP, editors. Operative obstetrics. 2nd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2002.

Organisation as an author

Royal Adelaide Hospital; University of Adelaide, Department of Clinical Nursing. Compendium of nursing research and practice development, 1999-2000. Adelaide (Australia): Adelaide University; 2001.

Different editions

The first edition of a book is never mentioned. However from the 2nd edition onwards always give the specific edition of the book, eg 2nd ed.

First edition:

Heffner LJ, Schust DJ. The reproductive system at a glance. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing; 2001.

Second edition:

Heffner LJ, Schust DJ. The reproductive system at a glance. 2nd ed. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing; 2006.

Book in a series

Bennett GL, Horuk R. Iodination of chemokines for use in receptor binding analysis. In: Horuk R, editor. Chemokine receptors. New York (NY): Academic Press; 1997. p. 134-48. (Methods in enzymology; vol 288).

Chemokine receptors = name of the book

Methods in enzymology = title of the series

Chapter in a book (or part of a book to which a number of authors have contributed)

Elements of the citation:

Author's (of the chapter) surname initials. Title of chapter. In: Editor's surname initials, editor. Title of the book. # ed. [if not 1st] Place of publication: Publisher's name; Year of publication. p. #. [page numbers of chapter]

Abbreviate page numbers to p. eg p. 12-26.
Abbreviate numbers where appropriate eg. p. 122-8.

Meltzer PS, Kallioniemi A, Trent JM. Chromosome alterations in human solid tumors. In: Vogelstein B, Kinzler KW, editors. The genetic basis of human cancer. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2002. p. 93-113.

Sponsored by institution, corporation or other organisation

Australian Pharmaceutical Advisory Council. Integrated best practice model for medication management in residential aged care facilities. Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service; 1997.

Pamphlet (if available include additional information eg place of production, printer)

Pharmaceutical Society of Australia. Medicines and driving [pamphlet]. Pharmaceutical Society of Australia; 1998. DR-7.

Package insert (leaflet supplied with medicine)

Lamaxil [package insert]. East Hanover (NJ): Sandoz Pharmaceuticals Corp; 1993.

Dictionary and similar references

Note: Include the Definition looked up - in this case "Filamin"

Dorland's illustrated medical dictionary. 29th ed. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders; 2000. Filamin; p. 675.

Encyclopaedia

Hanrahan C. Valerian. In: Krapp K, Longe JL, editors. The Gale encyclopedia of alternative medicine. Michigan: Gale Group; 2001. vol 4 p. 1768-70.

Legal Material

Public law:
Veterans Hearing Loss Compensation Act of 2002, Pub. L. No. 107-9, 115 Stat. 11 (May 24, 2001).

Unenacted bill:
Healthy Children Learn Act, S. 1012, 107th Cong., 1st Sess. (2001).

Code of Federal Regulations:
Cardiopulmonary Bypass Intracardiac Suction Control, 21 C.F.R. Sect. 870.4430 (2002).

Hearing:
Arsenic in Drinking Water: An Update on the Science, Benefits and Cost: Hearing Before the Subcomm. on Environment, Technology and Standards of the House Comm. on Science, 107th Cong., 1st Sess. (Oct. 4, 2001).

JOURNAL ARTICLES: (Please note: Journal titles are always abbreviated.) Go to either List of Journals in MEDLINE with abbreviations (NB use the binoculars in the toolbar to search for a title) or Medical Journal Abbreviations (Internationally recognised abbreviations for journal titles).

Main Elements of a journal citation:

Author's surname Initials, Author's surname Initials. Title of article. Title of Journal. [abbreviated] Year of publication Month date; Volume number (issue number): page numbers.

Standard article

Halpern SD, Ubel PA, Caplan AL. Solid-organ transplantation in HIV-infected patients. N Engl J Med. 2002 Jul 25;347(4):284-7.

More than 6 authors

Give the first six names in full and add "et al". The authors are listed in the order in which they appear.

Rose ME, Huerbin MB, Melick J, Marion DW, Palmer AM, Schiding JK, et al. Regulation of interstitial excitatory amino acid concentrations after cortical contusion injury. Brain Res. 2002;935(1-2):40-6.

Organization as author

Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group. Hypertension, insulin, and proinsulin in participants with impaired glucose tolerance. Hypertension. 2002;40(5):679-86.

No author

21st century heart solution may have a sting in the tail. BMJ. 2002;325(7357):184.

Supplement and/or parts

Volume with supplement

Geraud G, Spierings EL, Keywood C. Tolerability and safety of frovatriptan with short- and long-term use for treatment of migraine and in comparison with sumatriptan. Headache. 2002;42 Suppl 2:S93-9.

Issue with supplement

Glauser TA. Integrating clinical trial data into clinical practice. Neurology. 2002;58(12 Suppl 7):S6-12.

Volume with part

Abend SM, Kulish N. The psychoanalytic method from an epistemological viewpoint. Int J Psychoanal. 2002;83(Pt 2):491-5.

Issue with part

Ahrar K, Madoff DC, Gupta S, Wallace MJ, Price RE, Wright KC. Development of a large animal model for lung tumors. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2002;13(9 Pt 1):923-8.

Cochrane Review

Curioni C, André C. Rimonabant for overweight or obesity. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2006, Issue 4. Art. No.: CD006162. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD006162.pub2.

OTHER PUBLICATIONS AND INTERNET:

Conferences:

Elements of citation for Conference proceedings:

Editor's surname Initials, editor. Title of the Conference; Date of conference; City where conference took place. Place of publication: Publisher's name; Year of Publication.

Elements of citation for Conference paper:

Author's surname Initials. Title of paper. In: Editor's surname Initials, editor. Title of the Conference; Date of conference; City where conference took place. Place of publication: Publisher's name; Year of Publication. p. page numbers.

Conference proceedings

Harnden P, Joffe JK, Jones WG, editors. Germ cell tumours V. Proceedings of the 5th Germ Cell Tumour Conference; 2001 Sep 13-15; Leeds, UK. New York: Springer; 2002.

Conference paper

Christensen S, Oppacher F. An analysis of Koza's computational effort statistic for genetic programming. In: Foster JA, Lutton E, Miller J, Ryan C, Tettamanzi AG, editors. Genetic programming. EuroGP 2002: Proceedings of the 5th European Conference on Genetic Programming; 2002 Apr 3-5; Kinsdale, Ireland. Berlin: Springer; 2002. p. 182-91.

Thesis / Dissertation

Borkowski MM. Infant sleep and feeding: a telephone survey of Hispanic Americans [dissertation]. Mount Pleasant (MI): Central Michigan University; 2002.

Newspaper

Tynan T. Medical improvements lower homicide rate: study sees drop in assault rate. The Washington Post. 2002 Aug 12;Sect. A:2 (col. 4).

Unpublished Material

Tian D, Araki H, Stahl E, Bergelson J, Kreitman M. Signature of balancing selection in Arabidopsis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. In press 2002.

CDRom / DVD

Anderson SC, Poulsen KB. Anderson's electronic atlas of hematology [CD-ROM]. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2002.

Video Recording

Conochie LB. Phsical examination of the musculoskeletal system. Program 6. Cervical spine and neurological examination of the upper extremities. [video recording]. Montreal: McGill University; 1987.

INTERNET and OTHER ELECTRONIC SOURCES:

Journal article on Internet

Elements of the Citation:

Author's surname Initials, Author's surname Initials. Title of article. Abbreviated Title of Journal [serial on the Internet]. Year of publication Month day [cited Year Month Day]; Volume number (Issue number): [about number of pages or screens]. Available from: URL

Abood S. Quality improvement initiative in nursing homes: the ANA acts in an advisory role. Am J Nurs [serial on the Internet]. 2002 Jun [cited 2002 Aug 12];102(6):[about 3 p.]. Available from: http://www.nursingworld.org/AJN/2002/june/Wawatch.htm

Monograph/Book on the Internet

Foley KM, Gelband H, editors. Improving palliative care for cancer [monograph on the Internet]. Washington: National Academy Press; 2001 [cited 2002 Jul 9]. Available from: http://0-www.nap.edu.innopac.up.ac.za:80/books/0309074029/html.

Homepage/Web site

Elements of a citation:

Author/Editor/Organisation's name. Title of the page [homepage on the Internet]. Place of publication: Publisher's name; [updated year month day; cited year month day]. Available from: URL

Cancer-Pain.org [homepage on the Internet]. New York: Association of Cancer Online Resources, Inc.; c2000-01 [updated 2002 May 16; cited 2002 Jul 9]. Available from: http://www.cancer-pain.org/.

Part of a homepage/Web site

Elements of a citation:

Author/Editor/Organisation's name. Title of the page [homepage on the Internet]. Place of publication: Publisher's name; [updated year month day; cited year month day]. Title of page being cited. [number of screens]. Available from: URL

American Medical Association [homepage on the Internet]. Chicago: The Association; c1995-2002 [updated 2001 Aug 23; cited 2002 Aug 12]. AMA Office of Group Practice Liaison; [about 2 screens]. Available from: http://0-www.ama-assn.org.innopac.up.ac.za:80/ama/pub/category/1736.html

Database on the Internet

Open database:
Who's Certified [database on the Internet]. Evanston (IL): The American Board of Medical Specialists. c2000 - [cited 2001 Mar 8]. Available from: http://www.abms.org/newsearch.asp

Closed database:
Jablonski S. Online Multiple Congential Anomaly/Mental Retardation (MCA/MR) Syndromes [database on the Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US). c1999 [updated 2001 Nov 20; cited 2002 Aug 12]. Available from: http://0-www.nlm.nih.gov.innopac.up.ac.za:80/mesh/jablonski/syndrome_title.html

Part of a database on the Internet

MeSH Browser [database on the Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US); 2002 - [cited 2003 Jun 10]. Meta-analysis; unique ID: D015201; [about 3 p.]. Available from: http://0-www.nlm.nih.gov.innopac.up.ac.za:80/mesh/MBrowser.html Files updated weekly.